Varia Ranah - Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam

464 Varia Ranah: Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam system of several practices, or full implementation (Radnor and Walley, 2008; Radnor et al., 2006). The studies were commonly published in medical journals and conducted in line with the medical tradition of focusing on measurable outcomes, such as decreased time spent on care, increased patient throughput, and reduced number of errors and incidents (Spear, 2005). Other studies reported quantitative outcomes such as improved problem-solving skills (Ballé & Régnier, 2007). The pattern looks quite similar when looking at the public sector outside of healthcare, although the research on Lean implementations in this context is far less developed, but there are many speculations of the benefits (Bagley and Lewis, 2008; Bhatia and Drew, 2006; Krings et al., 2006) or case studies of implementations (Arlbjørn et al., 2011; Barraza et al., 2009; Hines et al., 2008; Radnor et al., 2006; Radnor, 2010a). Still, there is a need for an overview of the research on lean in public sectors outside of healthcare, with more connection to other theory fields than just conceptual representations of lean (Brännmark, 2012). There is also a lack of deeper investigations of how lean implementation influence organisations and the users, since most studies only present some indications of positive results, such as decreased lead times (Suárez-Barraza and Ramis-Pujol, 2010) or decreased stress among employees (Jaaron and Backhouse, 2010; Radnor and Walley, 2008). CONCLUSION Based on the above arguments, some conclusions of Lean characteristics in the public sector can be made. In healthcare, Lean is primarily a process improvement methodology (Poksinska et al., 2013), so is often focused on implementing specific technology and tools rather than developing a culture of problem-solving. Radnor and Walley (2008) suggest that this is not exclusive There is also a lack of deeper investigations of how lean implementation influence organisations and the users, since most studies only present some indications of positive results, such as decreased lead times