Varia Ranah - Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam

xiii Varia Ranah: Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam Azizi bin Abdul Aziz ICT In Government: The Estonia Experience ABSTRAK The purpose of this article is to expose readers to several initiatives by the Estonian government which can be used as examples to transform the population to become an ‘electronic society,’ which put them in the world map for efficiency and transparency. Coming out from part of Soviet Union and remote from centre of development focused around Moscow, this young nation manages to appear from dust of the Soviet Union rubble, and rebrand their nation through advancement of information technology (IT) development among less progressive middle Europe nations. This paper will discuss the initiatives done by Estonia’s government and the achievement that can be learn by other nations. POIN NYATA • After being recognised as an independent state in 1991, it adopted new political, economic, and social systems . with the introduction of (ICT) in the state administrative matters, business, and social sphere • Magazine The New Yorker has dubbed Estonia as the ‘digital republic’ Dr. Azrul Anaz bin Mohd Any The Implementation Of Flexible Working Arrangement (FWA): An Overview ABSTRAK The Flexible Working Arrangement (FWA) or Flexible Working Hours (FWH) have attracted the attention of scholars in examining its implementation. It is viewed as a solution provider to almost all levels in either private or public organizations for multiple reasons. Past scholars have identified few aims of applying it such as; to create a balance between career and lifestyle, to improve job quality and performance as well as to increase productivity. Besides, many previous researches were conducted in understanding the overview of FWH as how it can function as a win-win solution for both employees and employers. Therefore, this descriptive study was mainly conducted to identify different types of FWH or FWA adopted by organisations and comparing it with the current FWH introduced by Public Service Department (PSD) as one of the quick wins in the public sector reform initiatives. As PSD is looking into the implementation of FWA, this study will provide an overview of the FWH application within organisations including the FWH introduced by PSD. In ensuring smooth implementation, the element of trust and performance management focusing on output rather than the number of working hours to be completed need to be revisited as these factors can be considered and recommended as the basis of the successful implementation of FWA.