Varia Ranah - Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam

75 Varia Ranah: Sorotan Ilmiah Perkhidmatan Awam E-residents receive a digital ID-card with two PIN numbers for secure digital authentication and digital signatures. Secure digital signatures are legally equivalent to a handwritten signature and face-to-face identification in Estonia, as well as between partners upon agreement anywhere around the world. Though they do not get a chance to have physical residency, nevertheless, e- residents can reap benefits introduced by the government. E-residents have access to the EU business environment and can use public e-services through their digital identity. The primary reason e-residents are joining this community is to run a trusted location-independent EU business online with all the tools needed to conduct business globally. Based on these achievements, influential magazine The New Yorker has dubbed Estonia as the ‘digital republic.’ This term is fitting for Estonia given that in the 2018 UN e-Government survey Estonia was ranked fifth highest commitment to cybersecurity, and it is the fifth most developed e-government nation in Europe. The efficiency and transparency of the Estonian e-government is also reflected in several international rating agencies which have given high ratings with strong positive remarks in their respective annual publications. For example, it was ranked 12 th in the International Civil Service Effectiveness Index or InCISE, ranked 18 th in the Corruption Effectiveness Index and ranked 30 th in the Human Development Report 2019. These success stories lie on several strong positive factors. First, the forward- looking transformational type of national leaders. Second, concrete, and continuous national policies which are successfully executed. Third, the awareness and acceptance of the population who want to change their social and economic status. Fourth, strong bilateral, regional, and international ‘government to government’ (G2G) relations, and ‘people to people’ (P2P) cooperation.