20 Penerapan Konsep MADANI dalam Perkhidmatan Awam For instance, Malaysia's 2022 CPI score declined to 47 points (where 0 is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 as very pure). Over the past three years, Malaysia's score has decreased by 6 points, from 53 in 2019 to 51 in 2021. This statistically significant decline indicates that Malaysia is headed in the incorrect direction in terms of combating corruption and promoting human rights and democracy in the public sector (Transparency International Malaysia, 2023). In addition, a press release from Transparency International Malaysia recommended decisive and proactive measures to expedite institutional reforms, such as practising transparency by disclosing information, increasing accountability in government administration, introducing new legislation to improve government administration, making the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) an independent organisation, encouraging investigative journalism, and reintroducing local council elections. This parallels the commitments made by Prime Minister Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim when he assumed office in November 2022, expressing distinct priorities. Among them was Malaysia's precarious fiscal situation, which demands immediate attention and a commitment to implementing good governance, transparency, integrity, and accountability within his government. Political stability, government accountability, and transparency are some factors that influence institutional trust. Hassan et. al (2020) discovered that political stability has a significant positive effect on institutional trust. When the government is stable, citizens are more likely to have faith in the public sector. Trust in institutions is essential for the efficient operation of public services. When citizens have faith in government institutions, they are more likely to participate in public life, obey laws and regulations, and believe the government is acting in their best interest. According to a recent study by the Pew Research Centre (2020), public trust in government institutions has decreased in a number of nations over the past several years. This decline in trust is attributable to a number of factors, such as perceptions of corruption, inefficiency, and a lack of transparency. Moreover, government openness and accountability are essential for fostering institutional confidence. Awalluddin et. al (2022) found that Malaysians tend to have reduced levels of trust in institutions when they perceive the government to be opaque and unaccountable. Other factors that can influence institutional trust in Malaysia include the quality of public services, the responsiveness of government officials to the requirements of citizens, and the level of corruption within government agencies (Hassan et al., 2020). Overall, these findings highlight the significance of transparent and accountable institutions in fostering confidence in the government and public institutions of Malaysia. Consequently, this article will explore strategies to narrow the institutional trust divide in the context of public service. LITERATURE REVIEW This section aims to provide a comprehensive examination and synthesis of existing research on institutional trust. By exploring a diverse range of scholarly work, including empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual analyses, this article seeks to deepen our understanding of the determinants, consequences, and dynamics of institutional trust. Scholars have emphasised the subjective perceptions and expectations individuals have regarding institutions acting in the best interests of the group. The OECD has identified five primary public governance determinants of trust in government institutions, including competence, values, cultural, economic, and political factors, as well as government action on intergenerational and global challenges. Benchmarking trust in public institutions across
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